Category: Pub Med

Cell Rep. 2025 Nov 22;44(12):116603. doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116603. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

In the human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus deneoformans, sexual reproduction facilitates evolution and adaptation. This fungus can undergo two sexual modes: α × a sexual reproduction and unisexual reproduction (without mating partner cooperation), with α-unisexual reproduction predominating. However, the mechanism driving commitment to α-unisexual reproduction has remained elusive. Here, through a multilayered genetic screen of transfer DNA (T-DNA) insertional mutants, we identified several mutants with enhanced unisexual reproduction but impaired α × a heterothallic mating. Genome sequencing of these mutants revealed that the T-DNA insertions are enriched in genes involved in respiration. Consistently, pharmacological inhibition of respiration recapitulated this phenotype. This respiratory-inhibition-prompted selection for unisexual development requires the filamentation activator Znf2, which directly inhibits the cyclin Cln1, resulting in cell-cycle arrest in the G2/M phase, which promotes unisexual development but functionally excludes α × a heterothallic mating. Collectively, our findings uncover a mechanism that commits unisexual reproduction through respiratory inhibition.

PMID:41275490 | DOI:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116603

Science. 2025 Nov 20;390(6775):786-787. doi: 10.1126/science.aec7902. Epub 2025 Nov 20.

ABSTRACT

Chromosome engineering produces a reduced eight-chromosome karyotype in Arabidopsis thaliana.

PMID:41264719 | DOI:10.1126/science.aec7902

J Econ Entomol. 2025 Nov 19:toaf321. doi: 10.1093/jee/toaf321. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Host plant resistance (HPR) has shown potential for suppressing sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae), in smooth (glabrous) crop varieties lacking leaf trichomes. The objective of this study was to investigate the interaction between HPR and insecticidal control, aiming to enhance their collective efficacy in whitefly management. Field trials were conducted in cotton and cantaloupe planted as strip crops at 2 locations in southern Georgia, United States: Tifton and Camilla. Treatments comprised 2 insecticides, based on the active ingredients pyriproxyfen and cyantraniliprole, with 2 different trichome conditions: pubescent (hairy), or smooth varieties. During the crop growing season, B. tabaci adult, egg, and nymph populations were monitored, and whitefly preferences were evaluated. Results indicate a preference of whiteflies for cotton and cantaloupe pubescent varieties, largely attributed to the presence of leaf trichomes. Pyriproxyfen predominantly reduced nymph populations, while cyantraniliprole was effective against both immatures and adults. Significant interactions among crop type, trichome presence, and insecticide application in determining B. tabaci abundance were measured. The glabrous cotton variety demonstrated greater whitefly suppression compared to glabrous melon, and cyantraniliprole exhibited a heightened initial mortality in pubescent cultivars. The study underscores the importance of selecting smooth leaf crop varieties in integrated B. tabaci management strategies. The results illuminate the need for developing real-world testing models with compatible strategies of integrated pest management (IPM) programs for B. tabaci and provide a wide-ranging insight into the interactive effects and dependency of multiple components involved in whitefly control in multicropping systems.

PMID:41259812 | DOI:10.1093/jee/toaf321

ACS Synth Biol. 2025 Nov 18. doi: 10.1021/acssynbio.5c00614. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Iron is a critical micronutrient for both plants and humans, yet its declining availability across agricultural systems threatens global food security and health. Biofortification of food crops has emerged as a promising strategy to combat iron deficiency and anemia, leveraging both crop breeding and microbiome-based approaches to enhance iron mobilization and uptake. Advances in plant and bacterial synthetic biology could enable the precise programming of iron homeostasis and acquisition mechanisms, offering tailored solutions across diverse species and environments. Here, we outline key biomolecules, genes, and biosynthetic and transport pathways that represent underexplored synthetic biology targets for improving crop iron acquisition. We highlight opportunities to tune expression strength, tissue specificity, and cross-host pathway transfer to enhance chelation- and reduction-mediated solubilization of soil iron and augment plant uptake. Finally, we emphasize the broader importance of developing plant-microbe-metal actuators as modular components in genetic circuit design and discuss how their deployment across diverse plant and microbial chassis could accelerate agricultural biofortification and improve global nutrition.

PMID:41252749 | DOI:10.1021/acssynbio.5c00614

Plant J. 2025 Nov;124(4):e70554. doi: 10.1111/tpj.70554.

ABSTRACT

Climate uncertainty is intensifying the need for greater plasticity in carbohydrate reserve utilization to support winter survival and spring growth in woody perennials. In poplar, the single-copy SUT4, which encodes a tonoplast-localized sucrose transporter, and the SUT5/SUT6 genome duplicates, which encode plasma membrane-localized transporters, are expressed year-round, with SUT4 showing the highest expression during cool seasons. Given its role in vacuolar sucrose efflux and winter-predominant expression, SUT4 may play a key role in modulating seasonal carbohydrate dynamics. While SUT4-knockdown and knockout effects have been studied under greenhouse conditions, their impact under field conditions remains unexplored. Here, we report a field-based study comparing CRISPR knockout mutants of winter-expressed SUT4 and SUT5/SUT6 in Populus tremula × alba. We show that sut4, but not sut5/6, mutants exhibited earlier autumn leaf senescence, delayed spring bud flush, reduced stem growth, and altered sugar partitioning in winter xylem and bark relative to controls. After 2 years in the field, all genotypes flowered before leaf flush in early spring; however, sut4 mutants produced sterile ovules despite developing normal-looking catkins. Metabolic profiling revealed disrupted sucrose and raffinose dynamics in elongating sut4 catkins. This was accompanied by transcriptomic signatures of elevated stress and downregulation of proanthocyanidin biosynthesis and circadian clock genes. These findings highlight the critical role of SUT4 in coordinating sugar allocation, stress responses, and seasonal development in poplar.

PMID:41241958 | DOI:10.1111/tpj.70554

Plants (Basel). 2025 Oct 31;14(21):3337. doi: 10.3390/plants14213337.

ABSTRACT

Climate change is shifting where suitable habitats occur for many species across the planet. Sarracenia purpurea L., the most widely distributed pitcher plant species in North America, already faces significant threats from land use change. While S. purpurea is well studied at physiological and local scales, threat assessments for this species at biogeographic scales are absent. Here, we remedy this by using Habitat Suitability Models to predict current suitable habitats and estimate climate-based shifts in the suitable habitat for S. purpurea in the near (2040) and long term (2100). The models predicted large areas of habitat loss in the southeastern United States and the western portion of the Great Lakes region by 2040. While the models also predict significant gains in suitable habitats north of the current S. purpurea range, the limited dispersal ability of this species precludes the possibility of natural migration to newly suitable habitats. Our results suggest that the degradation of considerable portions of current suitable habitats is already occurring and will continue in the future. Particularly threatened are the southern subspecies (e.g., Sarracenia purpurea subsp. venosa) of S. purpurea. We therefore urge land managers to make conservation efforts targeting threatened subspecies and encourage further the biogeographic investigation of less widely distributed congenerics of S. purpurea.

PMID:41225887 | PMC:PMC12608460 | DOI:10.3390/plants14213337

New Phytol. 2025 Nov 9. doi: 10.1111/nph.70712. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Monoterpene indole alkaloids (MIA) are a diverse class of plant natural products produced by a subset of lineages within the Asterid clade of eudicots. The diversity of MIAs provides a unique opportunity to study not only the evolution of biosynthetic genes but also their regulation. In this study, we investigate the cell type specificity of biosynthetic genes and coexpressed transcription factors (TFs) in two MIA-producing Asterid species, Catharanthus roseus, a well-studied MIA-producing species, and Camptotheca acuminata, which belongs to an early-diverging lineage of the Asterid clade. We generated single-cell RNA-seq data from the C. acuminata stem, the primary site of camptothecin biosynthesis. We found that MIA biosynthetic genes in C. acuminata are specific to exceptionally rare cell populations. We discovered MYB and bHLH TFs coexpressed in the same cell types as MIA biosynthetic genes in the C. acuminata stem. Interestingly, the C. roseus orthologs of these TFs are idioblast-specific and activate MIA biosynthetic genes in C. roseus upon overexpression. We constructed an extended gene regulatory network for the idioblast metabolic regulon in C. roseus, which contains both feedback and feedforward activation loops. This study demonstrates co-option of the same clades of TFs for regulation of cell-type-specific MIA biosynthesis across two Asterid species separated by c. 115 million years of evolution. Investigating cell-type-specific TFs that are coexpressed with biosynthetic genes across multiple species is a powerful strategy to increase the power for the discovery of plant metabolic regulators.

PMID:41208325 | DOI:10.1111/nph.70712

Plant Biotechnol J. 2025 Nov 7. doi: 10.1111/pbi.70454. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Solanum tuberosum L. (potato) is a key food crop, with its tubers serving as an important food source worldwide. Tuber development is a tightly regulated process involving the transition of a hooked stolon (a modified stem) to a tuber following the perception of mobile signals within the stolon tip. While genes like FLOWERING LOCUS T homologue StSP6A and the transcription factors (TF) StPOTH1, StBRC1b and StBEL5 have been implicated in this process, little is known about cell-type-specific gene expression and its regulation during tuber initiation. To further our understanding of tuber initiation and development, we generated single nuclei multi-ome data (gene expression and chromatin accessibility from the same nucleus) from hooked stolons of tetraploid S. tuberosum cv. Atlantic. Nuclei (20079) were assigned to 27 clusters, representing 10 annotated cell types. Differential chromatin and motif enrichment analysis revealed binding sites of TF families known to play a role in cell type development in Arabidopsis that were enriched in analogous cell types in potato stolon tips. By coupling gene co-expression and information from differential chromatin analysis, we identified novel TFs with putative roles in stolon vasculature development. Co-accessibility analysis further uncovered putative regulatory enhancers involved in stolon/tuber development. We identified cells that metabolise starch and used gene co-expression analysis to uncover novel TFs involved in the transition from source to sink. This dataset of cell-type-specific gene expression and accessible chromatin from the same nucleus is a powerful resource for discovering genes and regulatory sequences involved in the earliest stages of tuber development.

PMID:41204754 | DOI:10.1111/pbi.70454

New Phytol. 2025 Nov 2. doi: 10.1111/nph.70700. Online ahead of print.

ABSTRACT

Myrothamnus flabellifolia is a dioecious resurrection plant endemic to southern Africa that has become an important model for understanding desiccation tolerance. Despite its ecological and medicinal significance, genomic and transcriptomic resources for the species are limited. We generated a chromosome-level, haplotype-resolved reference genome assembly and annotation for M. flabellifolia and conducted transcriptomic profiling across a natural dehydration-rehydration time course in the field. Genome architecture and sex determination were characterized, and co-expression network and cis-regulatory element (CRE) enrichment analyses were used to investigate dynamic responses to desiccation. The 1.28-Gb genome exhibits unusually consistent chromatin architecture with unique chromosome organization across highly divergent haplotypes. We identified an XY sexual system with a small sex-determining region on Chromosome 8. Transcriptomic responses varied with dehydration severity, pointing to early suppression of growth, progressive activation of protective mechanisms, and subsequent return to homeostasis upon rehydration. Late embryogenesis abundant and early light-induced protein transcripts were dynamically regulated and showed enrichment of abscisic acid and stress-responsive CREs pointing toward conserved responses. Together, this study provides foundational resources for understanding the genomic architecture and reproductive biology of M. flabellifolia and offers new insights into the mechanisms of desiccation tolerance.

PMID:41178124 | DOI:10.1111/nph.70700

Methods Mol Biol. 2026;2987:231-252. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-5001-1_16.

ABSTRACT

Reproduction of apomictic and sexual plants within Cenchrus, previously classified as both Cenchrus and Pennisetum, has been studied since the 1950s. Seventeen of approximately 108-120 Cenchrus species contain apomictic cytotypes. Apomictic cytotypes are polyploids and all are classified as developing via apospory. While most apomictic species in Cenchrus produce viable offspring that are highly maternally clonal, the ability for sexual reproduction has been retained. With advancement in molecular technologies, understanding the genetic composition, physical location, and genes associated with apospory has been forthcoming. Additional gains including whole-genome assembly of Cenchrus species to study the evolutionary mechanisms underlying apomixis are on the horizon.

PMID:41165987 | DOI:10.1007/978-1-0716-5001-1_16